SQL语法手册(二)
SQL语法手册(二)
Group by用途:
对结果集进行分组,常与汇总函数一起使用。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column |
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company | Amount |
W3Schools | 5500 |
IBM | 4500 |
W3Schools | 7100 |
按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Company |
返回结果:
Company | SUM(Amount) |
W3Schools | 12600 |
IBM | 4500 |
Having
用途:
指定群组或汇总的搜寻条件。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column HAVING SUM(column) condition value |
解释:
HAVING 通常与 GROUP BY 子句同时使用。不使用 GROUP BY 时,HAVING 则与 WHERE 子句功能相似。
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company | Amount |
W3Schools | 5500 |
IBM | 4500 |
W3Schools | 7100 |
按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计在10000以上的数据:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000 |
返回结果:
Company | SUM(Amount) |
W3Schools | 12600 |
Join
用途:
当你要从两个或者以上的表中选取结果集时,你就会用到JOIN。
例:
“Employees”表中的数据如下,(其中ID为主键):
ID | Name |
01 | Hansen, Ola |
02 | Svendson, Tove |
03 | Svendson, Stephen |
04 | Pettersen, Kari |
“Orders”表中的数据如下:
ID | Product |
01 | Printer |
03 | Table |
03 | Chair |
用Employees的ID和Orders的ID相关联选取数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees, Orders WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
或者你也可以用JOIN关键字来完成上面的操作:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees INNER JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
INNER JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table INNER JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
解释:
INNER JOIN返回的结果集是两个表中所有相匹配的数据。
LEFT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table LEFT JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
用”Employees”表去左外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees LEFT JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Tove | |
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
Pettersen, Kari |
解释:
LEFT JOIN返回”first_table”中所有的行尽管在” second_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
RIGHT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table RIGHT JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
用”Employees”表去右外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
解释:
RIGHT JOIN返回” second_table”中所有的行尽管在”first_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
Alias
用途:
可用在表、结果集或者列上,为它们取一个逻辑名称
语法:
给列取别名:
SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table |
给表取别名:
SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias |
例:
“Persons”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Hansen | Ola | Timoteivn 10 | Sandnes |
Svendson | Tove | Borgvn 23 | Sandnes |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name FROM Persons |
返回结果:
Family | Name |
Hansen | Ola |
Svendson | Tove |
Pettersen | Kari |
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Persons AS Employees |
返回结果:
Employees中的数据有:
LastName | FirstName |
Hansen | Ola |
Svendson | Tove |
Pettersen | Kari |